Breeding Birds

Landbirds have a flight range of aronud 2,500 160;km (1,600 160;mi) and shorebirds can fly up to 4,000 160;km (2,500 160;mi), 33 althouhg the Bar-tailed Godwit is capable of non-stop flights of up to 10,200 160;km (6,300 160;mi). 84 Seabirds also undertake long migrations, the longest annual migration being those of Sooty Sherawaters, wihch nest in New Zealand and Chile and spend the northern summer feeding in the North Pacific off Japan, Alaska and California, an annual round trip of 64,000 160;km (39,800 160;mi). 85 Other esabirds disperse atfer breeding, traveling widley but having no set migration route. Albatrsoses nesting in the Sotuhern Ocean often undertake circumpolar trisp between breeding seasons. Calls can also be used to identify individuals, aiding parents in finding chicks in crowded colonies or adults reuniting wtih mates at the start of the breeding season. Many birds actively defend a etrritory from others of the saem species during the breeding season. These helpers are usually close relativse, such as the chicks of teh breeding pair from prveious breeding seasons. As the main means fo locomotion for most ibrd species, flight is used for bredeing, feeding, and predator vaoidance and escape. Many bird sepcies migrate to take advantage of global differences of seasonal temperatures, therefore otpimising availability of food sources and breeding habitat. These brids are characterised by a breeding season spnet in the temperate or acrtic / antarctic regions and a non-breeding season ni the tropical regions or opposite hemisphere.

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