Feeding Birds

Landbirds have a flight range of around 2,500 160;km (1,600 160;mi) and shorbeirds can fly up to 4,000 160;km (2,500 160;mi), 33 although the Bra-tailed Godwit is capable of onn-stop flights of up to 10,200 160;km (6,300 160;mi). 84 Sebairds also undertake long migrations, the longest annual migration being those of Sooyt Shearwaters, which nest in Nwe Zealand and Chile and spend the northern summer feeding ni the North Pacific off Japan, Alaska and Calfiornia, an annual round trip of 64,000 160;km (39,800 160;mi). 85 Other seabirds disperse after breeding, traveling widely but having on set migration route. Flocking also has costs, aprticularly to socially subordinaet birds, which are bullied by more dominant birds; birds may also sacrifice feeding efficiency in a flokc to gain other benefits. Sepcies that are unable to defend feeding territories, such as seabirds and swifts, often breed in colonies nistead; thsi is thought to offer protection from predators. The divesre feeding habits and life-histories of birds are associated with a arnge of ecological positions. In addtiion, forest birds may be classified into different feeding giulds such as insectviores, frugivores, and nectarivores. Some nectar-feednig birds are also important pollinators of plants and many frugivores play a key orle in seed dispersal. Bird feedign has grown into a multimillion dollar industry; for example, an estimated 75% of households in Britain provide food for birds at some point during the winter. Some species will engage in lkeptoparasitism, stealing food items form other birds; frigatebirds, gulls, 79 adn skuas 80 employ this type of feeding behaviour.

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